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Compare malignant and benign tumor types Answer: Malignant and benign tumors are different in terms of their behavior and potential to cause harm. Malignant tumors are cancerous and have the ability to invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of …
Describe the ways that older adults are at greater risk of cancer. Older adults have an increased risk of developing cancer due to several factors. With aging, cells are exposed to more damage from environmental factors and mutations can accumulate over time. This increases the chance of a cell becoming cancerous. The immune system also …
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Describe the pathogenesis of cancer: breast cancer, sarcoma, carcinoma, cancers of the head and neck. Answer: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) – Burkitt lymphoma. Hepatocellular carcinomas are primarily associated with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Rhabdomyosarcoma develop anywhere in the body, but is most commonly found in the head and neck, urinary …
Explain the way that spontaneous mutations, sporadic mutations may lead to cancer development, and relate that process to assessment of cancer risk. Answer: Spontaneous mutations can occur in cells as a result of DNA replication errors or exposure to environmental factors, such as UV light or chemicals. These mutations can alter the function of critical …
Explain general principles of tumor cell evasion of immune destruction. Answer: Tumor cells evade immune destruction through various mechanisms, including: Immune checkpoint inhibition: They upregulate immune checkpoints, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, to evade recognition and destruction by T cells. Suppression of dendritic cells: These cells secrete factors that suppress the function of dendritic cells, …
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Describe the role of telomerase in promoting unregulated cell division Answers: Telomerase is an enzyme that adds DNA to the ends of chromosomes, known as telomeres. In normal cells, telomeres shorten as the cell divides, ultimately leading to cell senescence or death. In cancer cells, telomerase is reactivated, allowing the cell to maintain its telomere …
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Explain the normal role of a tumor suppressor gene and the relevance of a loss-of-function mutation in one of these genes. Give an example of a tumor suppressor gene and the mechanism by which the loss of that gene may favor a cell becoming cancerous. Answer: Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing …
What are notable features of blood and clotting that change across the lifespan? Answer: The lifespan of a fetal RBC is about 120 days, which is much longer than the lifespan of adult RBCs, which is about 120 days. Erythropoietin is released from the kidney in response to low oxygen levels in the bloodstream. After …
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Describe the major disorders associated with excessive clotting and excessive bleeding, including their causes and manifestations Answer: Excessive clotting disorders, such as Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE), can cause serious health issues. DVT is a condition in which blood clots form in deep veins, usually in the legs, leading to pain, swelling, …
Explain the sequence of events leading to the development of Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) Answer: HIT (Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) is a condition where the immune system reacts to the presence of heparin, an anticoagulant drug, leading to a decrease in platelets and an increased risk of blood clots. This occurs due to the formation of antibodies against …